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In , the red deer was the most prestigious quarry, especially the mature stag, which in England was called a. By the time summer begins, the heavy winter coat has been shed; the animals are known to rub against trees and other objects to help remove hair from their bodies. The first deer to reach the North Island were a gift to Sir from and were released near ; these were followed by further releases up to 1914.

Washrooms, showers and laundry facilities are conveniently located throughout the prime. Males also use the roar call when competing with other males for females during the rut, and along with other forms of posturing and antler fights, is a method used by the males to establish dominance. Roaring is most common during the early dawn and late evening, which is also when the zip are most active in general. Dating is the first step but who really wants to be alone. Protection from hook up red deer Male red deer retain their antlers for more than half the year, and are less gregarious and less likely to group with other males when they have antlers. Zip-up and Find a Date in Red Deer Alberta Today. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. Stag and hinds ancestors of red deer first appear in fossil records 12 million years ago during the in. The offspring will remain with their mothers for almost one full pan, leaving around the time the next season's offspring are produced.

Rival stags challenge opponents by belling and walking in parallel. Subtle differences in appearance are noted between the various subspecies of red deer, primarily in size and antlers, with the smallest being the found on the islands of and and the largest being the or maral of Asia Minor and the Caucasus Region to the west of the.

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Kingdom: Phylum: Class: Order: Family: Subfamily: Genus: Species: C. The red deer inhabits most of Europe, the region, , , parts of western Asia, and central Asia. It also inhabits the region between and in northwestern Africa, being the only species of deer to inhabit Africa. Red deer have been introduced to other areas, including , , , , , , and. In many parts of the world, the meat from red deer is used as a food source. Red deer are , characterized by a four-chambered stomach. The closely related and slightly larger or , native to North America and eastern parts of Asia, had been regarded as a subspecies of red deer, but recently it has been established as a distinct species. It is probable that the ancestor of all red deer, including wapiti, originated in central Asia and resembled. Although at one time red deer were rare in parts of Europe, they were never close to extinction. Reintroduction and efforts, such as in the United Kingdom and Portugal, have resulted in an increase of red deer populations, while other areas, such as North Africa, have continued to show a population decline. The red deer is the fourth-largest species behind , and. It is a ruminant, eating its food in two stages and having an even number of toes on each hoof, like , and. European red deer have a relatively long tail compared to their Asian and North American relatives. Subtle differences in appearance are noted between the various subspecies of red deer, primarily in size and antlers, with the smallest being the found on the islands of and and the largest being the or maral of Asia Minor and the Caucasus Region to the west of the. The deer of central and western Europe vary greatly in size, with some of the largest deer found in the in Central Europe. Western European red deer, historically, grew to large size given ample food supply including people's crops , and descendants of introduced populations living in and have grown quite large in both body and antler size. Large red deer stags, like the Caspian red deer or those of the Carpathian Mountains, may rival the wapiti in size. Female red deer are much smaller than their male counterparts. Skeleton of Cervus elaphus found at The male stag red deer is typically 175 to 250 cm 69 to 98 in long and weighs 160 to 240 kg 350 to 530 lb ; the female hind is 160 to 210 cm 63 to 83 in long and weighs 120 to 170 kg 260 to 370 lb. In , stags average 201 cm 79 in in head-and-body length and 122 cm 48 in high at the shoulder and females average 180 cm 71 in long and 114 cm 45 in tall. Size varies in different subspecies with the largest, the huge but small-antlered deer of the Carpathian Mountains C. At the other end of the scale, the Corsican red deer C. European red deer tend to be reddish-brown in their summer coats. The males of many subspecies also grow a short neck mane during the autumn. The male deer of the and tend to have the thickest and most noticeable manes. Male Caspian red deer C. Male deer of all subspecies, however, tend to have stronger and thicker neck muscles than female deer, which may give them an appearance of having neck manes. Red deer hinds females do not have neck manes. The European red deer is adapted to a woodland environment. Only the stags have , which start growing in the spring and are shed each year, usually at the end of winter. Antlers typically measure 71 cm 28 in in total length and weigh 1 kg 2. Antlers, which are made of bone, can grow at a rate of 2. A soft covering known as velvet helps to protect newly forming antlers in the spring. Any tines in excess of the fourth and fifth tine will grow radially from the cup, which are generally absent in the antlers of smaller red deer, such as Corsican red deer. However, bez tines occur frequently in Norwegian red deer. A stag can exceptionally have antlers with no tines, and is then known as a switch. Similarly, a stag that does not grow antlers is a hummel. The antlers are -driven and as the stag's testosterone levels drop in the autumn, the velvet is shed and the antlers stop growing. With the approach of autumn, the antlers begin to calcify and the stags' testosterone production builds for the approaching rut mating season. During the autumn, all red deer subspecies grow thicker coats of hair, which helps to insulate them during the winter. Autumn is also when some of the stags grow their neck manes. The Caspian red deer's winter coat is greyer and has a larger and more distinguished light rump-patch like wapiti and some central Asian red deer compared to the Western European red deer, which has more of a greyish-brown coat with a darker yellowish rump patch in the winter. By the time summer begins, the heavy winter coat has been shed; the animals are known to rub against trees and other objects to help remove hair from their bodies. Red deer have different colouration based on the seasons and types of habitats, with grey or lighter colouration prevalent in the winter and more reddish and darker coat colouration in the summer. Most European red deer have reddish-brown summer coats, and some individuals may have a few spots on the backs of their summer coats. Stag and hinds ancestors of red deer first appear in fossil records 12 million years ago during the in. Europe and North Africa The European red deer is found in southwestern Asia Asia Minor and Caucasus regions , North Africa and Europe. The red deer is the largest non-domesticated land mammal still existing in. The which resembles the western European red deer is the only member of the deer family represented in Africa, with the population centred in the northwestern region of the continent in the. As of the mid-1990s, , and were the only African countries known to have red deer. In the Netherlands, a large herd ca. Ireland has its own unique subspecies. In France the population is thriving, having multiplied fivefold in the last half-century, increasing from 30,000 in 1970 to approximately 160,000 in 2014. The deer has particularly expanded its footprint into forests at higher altitudes than before. In the UK, indigenous populations occur in , the , and the principally on. Not all of these are of entirely pure bloodlines, as some of these populations have been supplemented with deliberate releases of deer from parks, such as or , in an attempt to increase antler sizes and body weights. The found that, in Scotland, there has been extensive hybridisation with the closely related. Further substantial red deer herds originated from escapes or deliberate releases in the , the , , , , and , as well as many other smaller populations scattered throughout and , and they are all generally increasing in numbers and range. A census of deer populations in 2007 and again in 2011 coordinated by the British Deer Society records the red deer as having continued to expand their range in England and Wales since 2000, with expansion most notable in and. New Zealand In , red deer were introduced by acclimatisation societies along with other deer and game species. The first red deer to reach New Zealand were a pair sent by in 1851 from his herd at , Essex, to the South Island, but the hind was shot before they had a chance to breed. Lord Petre sent another stag and two hinds in 1861, and these were liberated near , from where they quickly spread. The first deer to reach the North Island were a gift to Sir from and were released near ; these were followed by further releases up to 1914. Between 1851 and 1926, 220 separate liberations of red deer involved over 800 deer. In 1927, the introduced a bounty for red deer shot on their land, and in 1931, government control operations were commenced. Between 1931 and March 1975, 1,124,297 deer were killed on official operations. The introduced red deer have adapted well and are widely hunted on both islands; many of the 220 introductions used deer originating from Scotland or one of the major deer parks in England, principally Warnham, Woburn Abbey or Windsor Great Park. Some hybridisation happened with the closely related American elk Cervus canadensis nelsoni introduced in Fiordland in 1921. New Zealand red deer produce very large antlers and are regarded as amongst the best in the world by hunters. Along with the other introduced deer species, they are, however, officially regarded as a noxious pest and are still heavily culled using professional hunters working with helicopters, or even poisoned. Further introductions were made in New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, and Western Australia. Today, red deer in Australia range from Queensland south through New South Wales into Victoria and across to South Australia, with the numbers increasing. The Queensland, Victorian and most New South Wales strains can still be traced to the early releases, but South Australia's population, along with all others, is now largely recent farm escapees. This is having adverse effects on the integrity of wild herds, as now more and larger herds are being grown due to the superior genetics that have been attained by selective breeding. Argentina and Chile In Argentina and Chile, the red deer has had a potentially adverse impact on native animal species, such as the or huemul; the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources has labelled the animal as one of the world's 100 worst invaders. Migration Red deer in Europe generally spend their winters at lower altitudes in more wooded terrain. During the summer, they migrate to higher elevations where food supplies are greater and better for the calving season. Until recently, biologists considered the red deer and elk or wapiti the same species, forming a continuous distribution throughout temperate Eurasia and North America. This belief was based largely on the fully fertile hybrids that can be produced under captive conditions. Among common red deer, the easternmost forms from the to western form a primordial subgroup, which includes the and the two may be. Another member of the red deer group which may represent a separate species is. The originally listed nine subspecies of red deer Cervus elaphus : three as , one as , one as , and four without enough data to give a category. The species as a whole, however, is listed as. However, this was based on the traditional classification of red deer as one species Cervus elaphus , including the wapiti. The common red deer is also known as simply red deer. Selected members of the red deer are listed in the table below. Of the ones listed, C. Name Subspecies Status Historical range Notes C. It is light-colored, with a light-colored rump patch bordering with black. The males do not have neck manes, but do have stronger and thicker neck muscles than female deer that may give the appearance of a neck mane. During the mating season, called the , mature stags compete for the attentions of the hinds and will then try to defend the hinds they attract. Rival stags challenge opponents by belling and walking in parallel. This allows combatants to assess each other's antlers, body size and fighting prowess. If neither stag backs down, a clash of antlers can occur, and stags sometimes sustain serious injuries. Dominant stags follow groups of hinds during the rut, from August into early winter. The stags may have as many as 20 hinds to keep from other, less attractive males. Stags two to four years old rarely hold harems and spend most of the rut on the periphery of larger harems, as do stags over 11 years old. Young and old stags that do acquire a harem hold it later in the breeding season than those stags in their prime. Harem-holding stags rarely feed and lose up to 20% of their body weight. Stags that enter the rut in poor condition are less likely to make it through to the peak conception period. The male deer roars to keep his harem of females together. The females are initially attracted to those males that both roar most often and have the loudest roar call. Males also use the roar call when competing with other males for females during the rut, and along with other forms of posturing and antler fights, is a method used by the males to establish dominance. Roaring is most common during the early dawn and late evening, which is also when the deer are most active in general. Breeding, gestation and lifespan juvenile Female red deer reach at 2 years of age. Red deer mating patterns usually involve a dozen or more attempts before the first successful one. There may be several more matings before the stag will seek out another mate in his harem. Red deer are among. Females in their second autumn can produce one or very rarely two offspring per year. The period is 240 to 262 days, and the offspring weigh about 15 kg 33 lb. After two weeks, calves are able to join the herd and are fully weaned after two months. All red deer calves are born spotted, as is common with many deer species, and lose their spots by the end of summer. However, as in many species of Old World deer, some adults do retain a few spots on the backs of their summer coats. The offspring will remain with their mothers for almost one full year, leaving around the time the next season's offspring are produced. The gestation period is the same for all subspecies. Red deer live over 20 years in captivity and in the wild they live 10 to 13 years, though some subspecies with less predation pressure average 15 years. Protection from predators Male red deer retain their antlers for more than half the year, and are less gregarious and less likely to group with other males when they have antlers. The antlers provide self-defence, as does a strong front-leg kicking action performed by both sexes when attacked. Once the antlers are shed, stags tend to form bachelor groups which allow them to cooperatively work together. Herds tend to have one or more members watching for potential danger, while the remaining members eat and rest. After the rut, females form large herds of up to 50 individuals. The newborn calves are kept close to the hinds by a series of vocalizations between the two, and larger nurseries have an ongoing and constant chatter during the daytime hours. When approached by predators, the largest and most robust females may make a stand, using their front legs to kick at their attackers. Guttural grunts and posturing is used with all but the most determined of predators with great effectiveness. Aside from humans and domestic dogs, the is probably the most dangerous predator European red deer encounter. Occasionally, the will prey on European red deer. The in Asia Minor now extinct probably preyed on eastern European red deer. Both the and the probably once preyed on in the Atlas Mountains, although the Barbary lion is now extinct in the wild, and the Barbary leopard is either very rare or extinct. In the past they were also hunted by the now extinct Caspian tiger. Red deer are also often depicted on stones circa 550—850 AD , from the early medieval period in Scotland, usually as prey animals for human or animal predators. In , the red deer was the most prestigious quarry, especially the mature stag, which in England was called a. Red deer are held in captivity for a variety of reasons. The still follows the custom of offering large pieces of venison to members of the and others. Some estates in the still sell accompanied by a in the traditional way, on unfenced land, while others operate more like farms for venison. Venison is widely considered to be both flavourful and nutritious. It is higher in and lower in than either or. The red deer can produce 10 to 15 kg 22 to 33 lb of annually. In , a medication produced from antler velvet is sold under the brand name Pantokrin : ; : Pantocrinum. Historically, related deer species such as central Asian red deer, wapiti, , and have been reared on deer farms in Central and Eastern Asia by , , , , and. Deer antlers are also used for decorative purposes and have been used for artwork, furniture and other novelty items. Deer antlers were and still are the source material for. In the 19th century the European nobility discovered among others the red deer antlers as perfect object for fashioning their manors and hunting castles. This fashion trend splashes over to upper- and middle-class households in the mid of the 19th century. Rustic deer antler candle holder With the increasing popularity of the World Expositions mainly producers of horn furniture in Germany, Austria and the United States showed their ideas of horn furniture and a kind of series manufacturing began. Heinrich Friedrich Christoph Rampendahl and Friedrich Wenzel are only two acknowledged companies to be named. In recent times deer antler home decors can be found in home styling magazines. Retrieved 15 January 2018. Database entry includes a brief justification of why this species is of least concern. New Zealand Journal of Zoology. Deer of the World: Their Evolution, Behavior, and Ecology. Mechanicsburg, Pa: Stackpole Books. Archived from on 19 May 2010. Retrieved 2 December 2011. New Jersey: Princeton University Press. Elk of North America, Ecology and Management. Fish and Wildlife Service. Archived from on 31 August 2011. Retrieved 6 October 2006. Archived from on 3 October 2006. Retrieved 10 October 2006. Archived from on 23 June 2012. Retrieved 2 October 2006. Archived from on 12 February 2008. International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. Archived from on 30 June 2007. Retrieved 3 October 2006. Retrieved 27 September 2011. Global Invasive Species Database. International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. Retrieved 14 October 2006. New Zealand Journal of Zoology. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 31 2004 1064—1083. Archived from PDF on 27 September 2004. Retrieved 6 October 2006. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. Archived from PDF on 12 June 2007. British Journal of Nutrition. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. South Dakota Department of Game, Fish and Parks. Archived from on 5 September 2006. Retrieved 3 October 2006. University of Michigan, Museum of Zoology. Retrieved 4 October 2006. Archived from on 10 February 2006. Archived from on 15 December 2010. Retrieved 10 October 2006.